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- Python release 1.1
- ==================
-
- ==> This is Python version 1.1.
-
- ==> Python 1.1 contains many improvements over 1.0.3, but is almost
- backward compatible (though the magic number for .pyc file has
- changed). It is portable to many more non-UNIX platforms.
-
- ==> If you don't know yet what Python is: it's an interpreted,
- extensible, embeddable, interactive, object-oriented programming
- language. For a quick summary of what Python can mean for a
- UNIX/C programmer, read Misc/BLURB.LUTZ.
-
- ==> If you want to start compiling right away (on UNIX): just type
- "./configure" in the current directory and when it finishes, type
- "make". See the section Build Instructions below for more
- details.
-
- ==> All documentation is in the subdirectory Doc in the form of LaTeX
- files. In order of importance for new users: Tutorial (tut),
- Library Reference (lib), Language Reference (ref), Extending
- (ext). Note that especially the Library Reference is of immense
- value since much of Python's power (including the built-in data
- types and functions!) is described there. [NB The ext document
- has not been updated to reflect this release yet.]
-
- ==> Python is COPYRIGHTED but free to use for all. See the copyright
- notice at the end of this file. Moreover, the Python distribution
- is not affected by the GNU Public Licence (GPL). There is support
- for interfaces to some GNU code but this is entirely optional and
- no GNU code is distributed with Python. For all these packages,
- GPL-free public domain versions also exist.
-
-
- Build instructions
- ------------------
-
- Before you start building Python, you must first configure it. This
- entails (at least) running the script "./configure", which figures out
- your system configuration and creates several Makefiles. (This will
- take a minute or two -- please be patient!) When it is done, you are
- ready to run make. Typing "make" in the toplevel directory will
- recursively run make in each of the subdirectories Parser, Objects,
- Python and Modules, creating a library file in each one. The
- executable of the interpreter is built in the Modules subdirectory but
- moved up here when it is built. If you want or need to, you can also
- chdir into each subdirectory in turn and run make there manually
- (do the Modules subdirectory last!). If you run into trouble, first
- see the section Troubleshooting later in this file.
-
- EXCEPTIONS: on SVR4 derived systems, you need to pass the configure
- script the option --with-svr4. See below for more options you can
- pass to the configure script.
-
- AIX users: read the file Misc/AIX-NOTES before trying to build.
-
- HP-UX users: read the file Misc/HPUX-NOTES if you want to be able to
- use shared libraries for dynamically loaded modules.
-
- Minix users: when using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
-
- You can configure the interpreter to contain fewer or more built-in
- modules by editing the file Modules/Setup. This file is initially
- copied (when the toplevel Makefile makes Modules/Makefile for the
- first time) from Setup.in; if it does not exist yet, make a copy
- yourself. Never edit Setup.in -- always edit Setup. Read the
- comments in the file for information on what kind of edits you can
- make. When you have edited Setup, Makefile and config.c in Modules
- will automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the
- toplevel directory. (There are some example Setup files which you may
- copy to Setup for specific systems; have a look at Setup.*.)
-
- If you want to change the optimization level of the build, assign to
- the OPT variable on the toplevel make command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will
- build a debugging version of Python on most platforms. The default is
- OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the environment when the configure script
- is run overrides this default (likewise for CC; and the initial value
- for LIBS is used as the base set of libraries to link with).
-
- To test the interpreter that you have just built, type "make test".
- This runs the test set silently, twice (once with no compiled files,
- once with the compiled files left by the previous test run). Each
- test run should print "All tests OK." and nothing more. (The test set
- does not test the built-in modules, but will find most other problems
- with the interpreter.)
-
- To install the interpreter as /usr/local/bin/python, type "make
- install". To install the library as /usr/local/lib/python, type "make
- libinstall". To install the manual page as
- /usr/local/man/man1/python.1, type "make maninstall". To install the
- Emacs editing mode for python, manually copy the file
- Misc/python-mode.el to your local Emacs lisp directory. The directory
- /usr/local can be overridden at configuration time by passing
- --prefix=DIRECTORY to the configure script, or at make time by passing
- "prefix=DIRECTORY" to make. See below for more information on --prefix.
-
- If you plan to do development of extension modules or to embed Python
- in another application and don't want to reference the original source
- tree, you can type "make inclinstall" and "make libainstall" to
- install the include files and lib*.a files, respectively, as
- /usr/local/include/Py/*.h and /usr/local/lib/python/lib/lib*.a. The
- make libainstall target also installs copies of several other files
- used or produced during the build process which are needed to build
- extensions or to generate their Makefiles.
-
- To print the documentation, cd into the Doc subdirectory, type "make"
- (let's hope you have LaTeX installed!), and send the four resulting
- PostScript files (tut.ps, lib.ps, ref.ps, and ext.ps) to the printer.
- See the README file there; you can also build a texinfo version of the
- library manual and from that construct an Emacs info version (the
- hypertext format used by the Emacs "info" command) and an HTML version
- (the hypertext format used by the World Wide Web distributed
- information initiative). You don't need to have LaTeX installed for
- this. Note that the Python archive sites also carry the resulting
- PostScript files, in case you have a PostScript printer but not LaTeX.
-
- Some special cases are handled by passing environment variables or
- options to the configure script:
-
- - The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if it finds it.
- If you don't want this, or if this compiler is installed but broken on
- your platform, pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the name of the proper C
- compiler is) in the environment.
-
- - On System V, Release 4 derived systems (e.g. SOLARIS 2, but not
- IRIX 5) you need to call the configure script with the option
- --with-svr4. This is needed so the libraries -lnsl and -lsocket are
- found. (On some other systems, e.g. IRIX 5, these libraries exist but
- are incompatible with other system libraries such as X11 and GL.)
-
- - If you want to install the binaries and the Python library somewhere
- else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib}, you can pass the option
- --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter binary will be installed as
- DIRECTORY/bin/python and the library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*.
- If you pass --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
- installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
- interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also affects the
- default module search path (sys.path), when Modules/config.c is
- compiled. Passing make the option prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or
- exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the prefix set at configuration time;
- this may be more convenient than re-running the configure script if
- you change your mind about the install prefix...
-
- - You can use the GNU readline library to improve the interactive user
- interface: this gives you line editing and command history when
- calling python interactively. You need to configure build the GNU
- readline library before running the configure script. Its sources are
- not distributed with Python; you can ftp them from any GNU mirror
- site, or from its home site:
- ftp://slc2.ins.cwru.edu/pub/dist/readline-2.0.tar.gz (or a higher
- version number -- using version 1.x is not recommended).
-
- A GPL-free version was posted to comp.sources.misc in volume 31 and is
- widely available from FTP archive sites. One URL for it is:
- ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/.b/usenet/comp.sources.misc/volume31/editline/part01.Z
-
- Pass the Python configure script the option --with-readline=DIRECTORY
- where DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the directory where you've
- built the readline library. Some hints on building and using the
- readline library:
-
- - On SGI IRIX 5, you may have to add the following
- to rldefs.h:
-
- #ifndef sigmask
- #define sigmask(sig) (1L << ((sig)-1))
- #endif
-
- - On most systems, you will have to add #include "rldefs.h" to the
- top of several source files, and if you use the VPATH feature, you
- will have to add dependencies of the form foo.o: foo.c to the
- Makefile for several values of foo.
-
- - The readline library requires use of the termcap library. A
- known problem with this is that it contains entry points which
- cause conflicts with the STDWIN and SGI GL libraries. The stdwin
- conflict can be solved (and will be, in the next release of
- stdwin) by adding a line saying '#define werase w_erase' to the
- stdwin.h file (in the stdwin distribution, subdirectory H). The
- GL conflict has been solved in the Python configure script by a
- hack that forces use of the static version of the termcap library.
-
- - Check the newsgroup gnu.bash.bugs for specific problems with the
- readline library (I don't get this group here but I've been told
- that it is the place for readline bugs.)
-
- - On SGI IRIX, and on Sun SOLARIS 2, you can use multiple threads. To
- enable this, pass --with-thread. In the Modules/Setup file, enable
- the thread module. (Threads aren't enabled automatically because
- there are run-time penalties when support for them is compiled in even
- if you don't use them.)
-
- - On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
- system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware. To
- enable these modules, you must edit the Modules/Setup file (or copy the
- Setup.irix4 file to it).
-
- - On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is supported by
- the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is ftp'able from
- ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z. This is enabled (after
- you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl library!) by passing
- --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of
- the dl library. (Don't bother on IRIX 5, it already has dynamic
- linking using SunOS style shared libraries.) Support for this feature
- is deprecated.
-
- - Dynamic loading of modules is rumoured to be supported on some other
- systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent Symmetry (Dynix), and
- Atari ST. This is done using a combination of the GNU dynamic loading
- package (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
- emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation can be
- found at ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To enable
- this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call the configure passing
- it the option --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where
- DL_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
- DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library. (Don't
- bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic linking using shared
- libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
-
- - It is possible to specify alternative versions for the Math library
- (default -lm) and the C library (default the empty string) using the
- options --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. E.g.
- if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C compiler to use
- the shared C library, you can pass --with-libc=-lc_s. These libraries
- are passed after all other libraries, the C library last.
-
- You can also build an "extended" interpreter, using modules that are
- not contained in the Modules directory. Extensions are distributed as
- a separate tar file (currently extensions.tar.Z). See the README file
- there.
-
-
- Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
- -------------------------------------------------------------
-
- If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
- usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
- architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
- VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
- architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
- appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
- necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
- contain a line VPATH=... which points to directory containing the
- actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake" instead of "make" if you
- use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
-
- For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
- in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
- directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
-
- $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
- $ cd /usr/tmp/python
- $ ~guido/src/python/configure
- [...]
- $ make
- [...]
- $
-
- Note that Modules/Makefile copies the original Setup file to the build
- directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
- edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
- reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
- automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
- of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
- makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
- fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
- doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
- however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
-
-
- Troubleshooting
- ---------------
-
- See section 3 of the FAQ (in subdirectory Misc of the distribution)
- for hints on what can go wrong, and how to fix it.
-
-
- Building on non-UNIX systems
- ----------------------------
-
- On non-UNIX systems, you will have to fake the effect of running the
- configure script manually. A good start is to copy the file
- config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
- configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
- 1 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
- otherwise; however RETSIGTYPE must always be defined, either as int or
- as void, and the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant of
- int if they need to be defined at all. Then arrange that the symbol
- HAVE_CONFIG_H is defined during compilation (usually by passing an
- argument of the form `-DHAVE_CONFIG_H' to the compiler, but this is
- necessarily system-dependent).
-
- I have tried to collect instructions, Makefiles and additional sources
- for various platforms in this release. The following directories
- exist:
-
- Mac/ Apple Macintosh, using THINK C 6.0 or MPW 3.2.
- Dos/ MS-DOS and Windows 3.1, using Microsoft C.
- Nt/ Windows NT, using Microsoft Visual C/C++.
- Os2/ OS/2.
-
- Most of these instructions were last tested with a previous Python
- release, so you may still experience occasional problems. If you have
- fixes or suggestions, please let me know and I'll try to incorporate
- them in the next release.
-
-
- Distribution structure
- ----------------------
-
- Most subdirectories have their own README file. Most files have
- comments.
-
- ChangeLog A raw list of changes since the first 1.0.0 BETA release
- Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
- Doc/ Documentation (in LaTeX)
- Extensions/ Extension modules (distributed separately)
- Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
- Include/ Public header files
- Lib/ Python library modules
- Makefile Rules for building the distribution
- Misc/ Miscellaneous files
- Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
- Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
- Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
- Python/ The "compiler" and interpreter
- README The file you're reading now
- acconfig.h Additional input for the autoheader program
- config.h Configuration header (generated)
- config.h.in Source from which config.status creates config.h
- config.status status from last run of configure script (generated)
- configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
- configure.in Configuration specification (GNU autoconf input)
- tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs (generated)
- python The executable interpreter (generated)
-
-
- Ftp access
- ----------
-
- The latest Python source distribution can be ftp'ed from
- ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/python/python<version>.tar.gz. You can also find
- PostScript of the main Python documentation there, Macintosh and PC
- binaries, and the latest STDWIN source distribution (in directory
- /pub/stdwin). oFr mirror sites, see the list in the FAQ (Misc/FAQ
- this directory).
-
-
- Mailing list and Newsgroup
- --------------------------
-
- There are a mailing list and a newsgroup devoted to Python
- programming, design and bugs. The newsgroup, comp.lang.python,
- contains exactly the same messages as the mailing list. To subscribe
- to the mailing list, send mail containing your real name and e-mail
- address in Internet form to "python-list-request@cwi.nl".
-
-
- Author
- ------
-
- Guido van Rossum
- CWI, dept. CST
- P.O. Box 94079
- 1090 GB Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
-
- E-mail: Guido.van.Rossum@cwi.nl
-
-
- Copyright Notice
- ----------------
-
- The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it
- as long as you don't change or remove the copyright:
-
- Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum,
- Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
-
- All Rights Reserved
-
- Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
- documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
- provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
- both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
- supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
- Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
- distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.
-
- STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
- THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
- FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE
- FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
- WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
- ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
- OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-
-
- Signature
- ---------
-
- --Guido van Rossum, CWI, Amsterdam <Guido.van.Rossum@cwi.nl>
- <URL:http://www.cwi.nl/cwi/people/Guido.van.Rossum.html>
-